Typing Term Papers For Money - Tips For Getting One

Typing Term Papers For Money - Tips For Getting OneTo be honest, many of us have absolutely no idea what typing term papers for money is. Believe it or not, typing as a profession is a big business. That being said, typing jobs pay much better than other typing jobs and if you are able to pick up a decent paying typing job, you will make that extra income in addition to your other income sources.In today's world, there are more typing jobs than ever before. The shortage of people means companies need to outsource more. The same thing can be said for the demand for typists.Typing involves writing letters, memos, and reports in between typing your computer. This can be frustrating because you will not get your work done as quickly as you would like. You also may want to see more results than is often the case with most jobs and you have to be willing to put in more effort.Typing as a profession is big business. The need for typists is one of the factors responsible for this demand. The re are some things you need to know when it comes to being a good typist. These include:Be prompt. While typing your own document is an advantage, it does not hurt to show up on time, as opposed to being late. This will help your employer to assess whether or not you are a reliable employee.Speed your response time. If you are on a deadline to submit a form or document to an employer, speed is important. Always be prompt and be sure that you keep moving and not wasting your employer's time.Always use proper spacing and type according to the template. Try to learn the lettering style of your company. Remember, this is how they will read the documents you send them.You need to understand the basics of typing before you even think about applying for a typing job. A lot of knowledge can be gained by reading about typing as a profession. This includes knowing about typing term papers for money.

Tips For Writing College Board Essay Topics

Tips For Writing College Board Essay TopicsCollege board essay topics can be very challenging. If you are looking for some tips to get through the material, there are some steps you can take to make it easier. The first thing you will want to remember is that you are writing a topic that is going to be chosen by your college essay taker. While you may have an idea of the type of material that is going to be asked of you, it will not be the topics you are going to be asked about.The next thing to remember is that you will want to start thinking about the information that you have. That means that you need to decide what you can say about it. Make sure that you have some kind of idea of what you are going to be asked. If you are using the information for a composition class, you should probably have a good idea of what is going to be expected.As you are writing the essay, you will need to make sure that you are focusing on the topic. While some topics are going to be written from the p erspective of an observer, others will be written from the perspective of a participant. That is the difference between being an observer and participant. It is something that you should definitely be aware of.The last thing to remember about college board essay topics is that you are going to need to have an idea of the content. That means that you need to know what the topic is about. It is going to be written in a form that is going to be able to be understood by a college board reader. Most writers start with the purpose of the topic before they get started. That can make it a little more difficult at first.One of the best things you can do for yourself when you are looking for college board essay topics is to take some time to gather ideas for topics. That means that you should have a list of things that you would like to write about. From there, you can start doing some research and thinking about how you can help people with the topics you have.Some topics you can write about our personal experience, the history of the topic, or some area that pertains to the topic. The point is that you will want to have an idea of what you are going to be writing about. That is important because it can help you determine if a topic will be about something that you can write about.One of the best things that you can do for yourself when you are looking for college board essay topics is to research a topic that you are interested in. That will help you have a topic that you can write about.

Essay on Interracial Dating - 632 Words

Many interracial couples are faced with negative reactions from society, making it hard for them to have a regular relationship. They have to deal with disapproval from their own race, pessimistic reactions from family and friends, and not to mention the ignorance of society as a whole. Why is interracial dating so controversial? Is not racism a thing of the past, or is that what we would like to believe? People who date and socialize with people of different racial groups frequently experience negative reactions. Many of the disapproving messages come from people of their own racial group. They scoff and make fun of the idea that they are dating someone with a different tone of skin or ethnic background. According to a poll taken in†¦show more content†¦They need sanctions or permission from their parents to see if it is okay to date out of their race. The parent’s influential power causes them to be skeptical and doubtful about being involved in such relationship that they decide to end a perfect relationship in order to make them happy. Many people who date out of their race are likely to encounter tension and criticism from society as a whole. People tend to have a superficial understanding about interracial dating and forget about the true meaning of a relationship. What temerity is this, receiving constant stares and negative reactions, it is completely rude and ignorant of people. It is unequivocal that interracial dating is not easy. Is any relationship easy, interracial or not? But dating and marriage are not about pleasing others. It is about being with the person you love and want to spend the rest of your life with. Race is not an issue when love is concerned. What is important is the factors that make the relationship work, such as trust and love, not what is pleasing to others. Thus, why is society making it harder on them? How many interracial couples have been on the receiving end of many offensive stares when walking down the street? Why do people care? It is an issue of concern only to the couple. If one chooses to date a person of another race, why should society be bothered? It is an issue that needs to be dealt with by the individual people involved. Society is simplyShow MoreRelatedInterracial Dating And How Accepted It Is Nowadays961 Words   |  4 PagesInterracial Dating and How Accepted it is Nowadays Introduction: Interracial dating in the United States compared to previous history is more popular than ever before. It is more present because minorities are getting higher education, people are becoming more tolerant, there is more exposure to other cultures, there are no bans on interracial dating now, and young people are more self-expressive and believe more in individualism (Firmin Firebaugh, 2008). Though interracial dating is more acceptedRead MoreThe Changes in Society’s Views on Interracial Dating over Time1466 Words   |  6 Pagesone thing is clear, the issue on interracial relationships is still as controversial today as it was nearly fifty years ago. While times may have changed and society has gotten used to these interracial relationships, it’s still something that is being talked about regularly. Starting in the 1960’s, the issue on interracial relationships became more relevant. It sparked much controversy after a couple from Virginia was arrested for parti cipating in an interracial relationship. The case, Loving versusRead MoreEssay on Interracial Dating Explored in Save the Last Dance936 Words   |  4 PagesInterracial Dating Explored in Save the Last Dance The movie, Save the Last Dance, goes along with all of our discussions and conversations about the visual difference between the black and white cultures and the stereotyping that Hollywood does of the two cultures. The movie shows the difference in the two cultures, according to Hollywood.you have your typical white middle-class suburban girl (Sarah) and your typical low-class black boy (Derrick). Save the Last Dance is a love story aboutRead More Interracial and Cross Cultural Dating of Generation Y Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesInterracial and Cross Cultural Dating of Generation Y Interracial romance has been an issue in the United States since the first English settlers established colonies during the seventeenth century. Over the years, views toward interracial relationships in America have changed greatly. The interracial dating trend among today’s teenagers is increasing at a steady rate (Grapes 49). However, there are still many biases facing Gen-Y youth who choose to date someone of another race. A look atRead MoreMy Personal Statement On Interracial Dating And The World Essay2403 Words   |  10 Pagesthe age of three, my mother remarried a white man and my siblings and I were now being raised in an interracial household. This change in my upbringing and surroundings left such a profound effect on my identity that I was no longer being raised in a traditional home environment. Also, the significance of being raised by someone of a different race impacted how I viewed myself, interracial dating and the world. Not understanding the reasoning behind my father’s absence, I grew to identify anotherRead MoreMy Personal Statement On Interracial Dating And The World Essay2439 Words   |  10 PagesAt the age of three my mother remarried a white man and my siblings and I were now being raised in an interracial household. This change in my upbringing and surroundings had a profound effect on my identity because I was no longer being raised in a traditional home environment. Also, the significance of being raised by someone of a different race impacted how I viewed myself, interracial dating and the world. Not understanding the reasoning behind my father’s absence, I grew to identify anotherRead MoreInterracial Marriage Should Be Legal1365 Words   |  6 PagesInterracial marriages are still considered taboo in many countries in the world and even in the United States. While the opportunity to marry whoever one desires is a reality in America, it is not always common and sometime frowned upon in our communities. Much progress has been made as a country to allow interracial marriages to be successful, but the American population has had difficulty accepting the legal development that has taken place in our nation. Interracial Marriage has been fought throughoutRead MoreThe Impact Of Modern Day College Students And Working Members Of Society1321 Words   |  6 Pages Living in the United States means living with diversity. A historically controversial topic that comes with diversity is interracial couples. Having only been made legal in 1967 by the United States Supreme Court r uling in the Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, there are still prominent parts of society that took down upon mixed raced couples. (Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1967) This research paper is designed to show data collected from ___ interviews from participants of a variety of ages andRead MoreTraditional Belief Of Interracial Marriage1674 Words   |  7 PagesIn contrast, popular culture theorizes that interracial marriages are motivated not by a desire to leave behind one’s heritage, but by love between two people who happen to be of different races. In this paper, I seek to analyze and compare these two perspectives, proposing a theory that combines the two by accounting for a person’s upbringing and beliefs when deciding what their motivation may be. I first analyze the traditional belief of interracial marriage in comparison to the popular cultureRead MoreCauses of Friction in Interracial Marriages Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of Friction in Interracial Marriages The United States has witnessed a considerable amount of social and cultural desegregation between African-Americans and Caucasians. However, despite years of desegregation, social and cultural differences still exist. One of these differences that still exists is in the institution of marriage. Americans have been and are continually moving slowly away from segregation. In the past forty years, a multitude of changes have transformed schools, jobs,

Case study china milk scandal free essay sample

Vivien K. G. Lim, Rashimah Rajah and Smrithi Prasad wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmission without its written permission. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7; phone (519) 661-3208; fax (519) 661-3882; e-mail [emailprotected] uwo. ca. Copyright  © 2012, National University of Singapore and Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation Version: 2012-11-14 In 2007, Sanlu, a Chinese milk manufacturing company based in Shijiazhuang, was recognized as a formidable force by its competitors as it had topped the list of local dairy producers for more than a decade. It was also the second biggest dairy producer in the world. Sanlu was the number one bestselling milk brand in China, responsible for 18. 3 per cent of total national dairy sales in 2007. 2 A year later, however, a scandal unfolded that brought not only Sanlu but other dairy manufacturers in China unwanted international attention. More than 290,000 infants were affected by this scandal, which involved deliberate tainting of milk powder. What motivated one of the most well trusted brands in China to engage in business practices that led to the deaths of innocent infants? China involving milk products brought regional and global attention to the country. At a time when international trade was important for the country’s economic progress, the milk incident raised concerns about the safety of food products made in China and the ethics of business practices in Chinese companies. China’s dairy market had expanded to keep pace with the country’s rapid economic development. Besides importing close to 300,000 tonnes of dairy products from Japan, New Zealand and other countries to satisfy the demand of high- and middle-income consumers, many local dairy producers had been established and expanded to meet the demand of the lower income group, which constituted the bulk of Chinese consumers. Sanlu was one example. Priced at RMB85 (about US$13) per tin (900 grams) — almost half that of imported milk powders — Sanlu’s products were very popular among consumers in China’s rural areas. 1 This case has been written on the basis of published sources only. Consequently, the interpretation and perspectives presented in this case are not necessarily those of Sanlu Group or any of its employees. 2 Chris Buckley, â€Å"Second Infant Death in China Milk Scandal,† Asia One, September 16, 2008, www. asiaone. com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20080916-88026. html, accessed December 22, 2010. Page 2 9B12C047 The low cost strategy allowed the company to be highly successful, and it was the market leader for more than 10 years. However, under the pressure of increasing price competition, coupled with the absence of quality control by both the government and the company, Sanlu engaged in cost-cutting by adding melamine — a chemical used in producing plastic — into diluted raw milk to inflate the protein content. This became a common practice in the dairy industry. 3 Adding unapproved or banned chemicals to spice up the â€Å"quality† of food products in China was not new. For example, washing powder was added to flour to make you tiao (Chinese fried bread stick) fluffier and last longer, acetic acid and mineral acid were added to vinegar to increase its fixed acid content and talc powder was added to wheat powder to give a smoother texture. Just five years before the 2008 milk incident, a company sold baby formula with little or no nutritional value, leading to the deaths of at least 12 infants and causing malnutrition in hundreds more. 4 INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION The 2008 Chinese milk scandal was one of the most prominent cases involving food safety that the World Health Organization (WHO) had to deal with in recent years. In December 2008, China reported the number of victims to be more than 290,000. 5 Among them, 51,900 were hospitalized, and four cases were fatal. In addition, 8,311. 7 tonnes of unqualified milk products were withdrawn from the market as of October 31 that year. 6 Although the incident drew international attention, the effect was predominantly confined to China with limited cases in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. On July 16, 2008, the Gansu local government officially reported to the Ministry of Health that 16 infants in the province were diagnosed with kidney stones after consuming milk powder produced by the Sanlu Group. 7 After the initial focus on Sanlu, investigation by the Chinese government revealed that the problem existed to a lesser degree in products from 21 other Chinese companies, including well-known companies such as Monmilk, Yili and Yashili. Some of these had exported their products overseas. This issue raised concerns about food safety and political corruption in China. There was speculation that the Chinese government maintained silence about the incident during the Beijing Olympics to maintain a positive image. This silence led to delay in follow-up actions, which could have averted serious health consequences. According to WHO, the crisis led to a significant decline in consumers’ confidence in China’s food products. WHO spokesperson and food safety scientist, Peter Ben Embarek, attributed the cause of the event to inadequate measures and lack of control among agencies responsible for monitoring food safety in the private sector. These agencies were often not well-staffed and lacked resources and equipment. As a result, they could not keep up with the rapid pace of food, agricultural and industrial production in China over the past few decades. He concluded by referring to the large scale of the incident as being 3 Dunce Lawrence, â€Å"China Says Sanlu Milk Likely Contaminated by Melamine,† (Update 1), Bloomberg, September 12, 2008, www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=newsarchivesid=at6LcKJB6YA8refer=asia, accessed December 22, 2010. 4 â€Å"47 Detained for Selling Baby-Killer Milk,† China Daily, May 10, 2004, www. Chinadaily. com. cn/english/doc/200405/10/content_329449. htm, accessed December 22, 2010. 5 â€Å"Timeline: Sanlu Milk Powder Scandal,† Television New Zealand Limited, December 24, 2008, www. tvnz. co. nz/businessnews/timeline-sanlu-milk-powder-scandal-2429256, accessed December 22, 2010 6 â€Å"8,300 Tons of Tainted Milk Products Withdrawn,† Xinhua News Agency, October 31, 2008, www. china. org. cn/china/national/2008-10/31/content_16693286. htm, accessed December 29, 2010. 7 â€Å"China Seizes 22 Companies with Contaminated Baby Milk Powder,† Xinhua News Agency, September 16, 2008, www. news. xinhuanet. com/english/2008-09/17/content_10046949. htm, accessed December 22, 2010. Page 3 9B12C047 â€Å"clearly not an isolated accident. It was a large-scale intentional activity to deceive consumers for simple, basic, short-term profits,†8 For a timeline of events in the milk scandal, see Exhibit 1. PARTIES INVOLVED The magnitude of this scandal implicated several organizations — the Chinese government, Chinese manufacturers and the Chinese media. In the following sections, the role of the private company, Sanlu, and the other parties involved in shaping the course of events will be discussed. The Role of the Company: Sanlu Group Lack of corporate governance, transparency and social corporate responsibility were the main issues underlying the milk scandal. Instead of working towards producing good quality and safe products, Sanlu ignored early warnings and did not take steps to highlight the situation to consumers. Since late 2007, the company had been receiving complaints from consumers regarding changes in the colour of urine as well as crystals in the urine of babies who had consumed Sanlu’s milk powder. 9 However, the company took little action to improve its product. Instead, it engaged in the practice of â€Å"private settlement† to appease consumers who publicly questioned the quality of its products. 10 After receiving confirmation that its product was tainted with melamine and that the chemical was â€Å"deliberately added by man† in August 2008, the Sanlu Group engaged in a series of actions to conceal the incident from the public. One face-saving initiative involved collaborating with China’s biggest search engine, Baidu. com, by signing an advertising agreement of RMB3 million (US$474,000) on the condition that negative news related to the company was removed. The Role of the Government The Chinese government played a critical role in the development and proliferation of the incident. By providing Sanlu with the national inspection exemption label, not taking immediate action to address a potential national epidemic and silencing the media, the Chinese government was directly as well as indirectly implicated in the milk incident. The inspection exemption label was a form of special reward designed by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ). This label was awarded to Chinese companies with a reputation for quality products, big market shares and strict safety controls so that they did not have to undergo certain quality inspections. As a result of the absence of state inspection, quality control was left to the manufacturers’ discretion, which provided opportunities for companies to engage in questionable cost-cutting measures. There were early warnings related to the milk scandal posted by the public,12 professionals13 and the media,14 even before the case was formally exposed in March 2008. However, the government did not take these warnings seriously. 8 Lisa Schlein, â€Å"China’s Melamine Milk Crisis Creates Crisis of Confidence,† Voice of America, September 26, 2008, www. voanews. com/english/news/a-13-2008-09-26-voa45. html, accessed December 29, 2010. 9 Zhu Zhe and Cui Xiaohuo, â€Å"Sanlu Ex-boss Was Aware of Tainted Milk,† China Daily, January 1, 2009, www. chinadaily. com. cn/china/2009-01/01/content_7358822. htm, accessed December 22, 2010. 10 â€Å"Sanlu to Recall Milk Powder as Baby Dies,† China Daily, September 12, 2008, www. chinadaily. com. Ccn/china/200809/12/content_7020499. htm, accessed December 22, 2010. 11 â€Å"The Chinese Milk Crisis: Lessons for CSR,† CSR Asia Weekly, 4. 41, October 8, 2008, www. csrasia. com/upload/cover/037971505303. pdf, accessed December 22, 2010. 12 On June 30, an inquiry from the public about the product was found on the official website of the AQSIQ. Page 4 9B12C047 Besides the lack of response, the Sanlu incident also provided evidence of the prevalence of institutionalized corruption in China, where companies engaged in unethical practices in pursuit of profits. In numerous articles, the incident was compared to the SARS crisis, when reports about SARS incidents in China were delayed. In both situations, the Chinese government placed restrictions on media coverage to protect its political image, which subsequently led to a worsening of the incident. 15 In the case of the tainted milk incident, the Propaganda Department put out a 21-point directive to the nation’s media during the Olympics period. The eighth point said: â€Å"All food safety issues, such as cancer-causing mineral water, are off-limits,† which prevented early exposure of the incident. Also, there was speculation regarding corruption and inefficiency in the local government. Although the municipal government in Shijiazhuang was informed of the melamine contamination by the Sanlu Group, it neither took immediate action to contain the situation nor informed the central government, which was informed of the crisis by foreign diplomats. According to the New Zealand government, Sanlu’s New Zealand partner, Fonterra, was aware of the contamination in August 2008 and immediately requested its Chinese partner as well as government officials to recall all milk powder produced by the Sanlu Group. However, as local officials did not cooperate, action was taken only a month after the alert. Left with few alternatives, Fonterra eventually reported the case to the New Zealand government. It was then that the New Zealand government bypassed local officials and reported directly to the Chinese central government and the case was brought to light. 17 The Role of the Media The extent of Chinese government control over the media becomes evident when examining the timeline of the publication of the media reports on the Sanlu incident. Sanlu Group informed the local authority on August 2, 2008, six days before the opening of the Beijing Olympics. It was only from September 10 onwards (when the games were officially over) that the news was released to the public. Given the heightened vigilance following 2007’s spate of food safety scares, it came as a surprise that the news related to the Sanlu incidents was contained for one month. Newspapers, television, radio and even the Internet were able to actively conceal and downplay the severity of the incident. This did not prevent social media from discussing the food scare, as individuals (e. Affected parents) blogged openly about their experiences with Sanlu milk powder and their dealings with the company. Such information, however, remained restricted as those websites did not appear in search results on the Internet. This was primarily due to the agreement between Sanlu and Baidu. com, which removed negative information and stories about Sanlu from China’s most powerful search engine. 13 In July, a urologist in a paediatric hospital specifically asked the AQSIQ to refer his observations to epidemiologists but was asked to refer his query to the Health Department. 14 The China News Service reported that for months many parents of sick infants had complained to their local inspection administrations and sent samples for testing. However, they were told that the powder met national safety standards. In July, a cable TV channel in Hunan Province reported that an unusually high number of kidney stone cases among infants were found in a children’s hospital. 15 Chua Chin Hon, â€Å"Milk Scandal — A Tale of Greed and Cover-up,† Straits Times, September 28, 2008, www. asiaone. com/News/the%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20080928-90424. html, accessed December 22, 2010. Frank Ching, â€Å"Tainted Food: China’s History of Using Melamine,† National Business Review, September 16, 2008, www. nbr. co. nz/comment/frank-ching/tainted-food-china-s-history-using-melamine, accessed December 22, 2010. 17 â€Å"Toxic Milk Toll Rockets in China,† BBC News, September 15, 2008, www. news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/7616346. stm, accessed December 22, 2010. Page 5 9B12C047 REMEDYING THE SITUATION Government Reaction and Recall Immediately after the incident was made public, China’s Health Ministry announced that it would launch a nationwide investigation into the infant kidney stone cases. Seventy-eight individuals suspected of being involved in the baby milk powder contamination were questioned by Chinese police. These individuals included dairy farmers and milk dealers. It was found that water had been added to dilute the milk, which was then sold to Sanlu for greater profit. Melamine was subsequently added to the diluted milk to maintain the product’s standard protein content. 18 With the commencement of the investigation, Sanlu also sealed off 2,176 tonnes of contaminated milk powder and recalled more than 8,300 tonnes from the market. Finally, on September 13, 2008, an order was decreed by the authorities to halt all production at Sanlu plants. 19 The Health Ministry also took action to keep the cases under control. It initiated warnings and informed the public to immediately refrain from consuming Sanlu milk powder formula. The public was advised to consult doctors if babies who had consumed the milk powder were found to have difficulty urinating. In addition, the ministry issued a treatment scheme on its official website to help local hospitals treat such sick babies. Besides controlling the situation in China, the government also actively managed international opinion. The Health Ministry promised to notify WHO and affected countries of any development in the case. New Policies and Regulations To prevent similar incidents from happening again, the Chinese government also implemented new policies and regulations. Measures were introduced to regulate the dairy market, including providing a sum of RMB316 million (US$50 million) to dairy farmers (RMB200 (US$31) per cow) to defray feeding and other operating costs. New food safety draft laws, which set stricter food quality standards and demanded greater government responsibility, were reviewed on October 23, 2008. Under the draft laws, health authorities were responsible for assessing and approving food additives, and food manufacturers were expected to adhere to regulations and guidelines by authorities or run the risk of having their production licenses revoked. 22 The draft stipulated that even non-harmful substances, as long as they were not approved food additives, were not allowed to be added in food. The law required health authorities to issue scientific, safe and reliable food safety standards, which were compulsory for all food producers. The revised law also stated that all enterprises, hospitals and quality supervision agencies were required to immediately report all food safety incidents to health authorities. 18 Daniel Barboza, â€Å"China’s Dairy Farmers Say They are Victims,† New York Times. October 3, 2008, www. nytimes. com/2008/10/04/world/asia/04milk. html? pagewanted=all, accessed December 22, 2010. 19 China Reports 432 Infants with Kidney Stones Due to Fake Milk,† Economic Times, September 13, 2008, http://articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/2008-09-13/news/27704989_1_milk-powder-kidney-stones-sanlu-group, accessed December 23, 2010. 20 â€Å"Nationwide Investigation Launched on Sanlu Scare,† Xinhua News Agency, September 12, 2008, www. china. org. cn/government/central_government/2008-09/12/content_16440855. htm, accessed December 22, 2010 21 â€Å"China Takes Measures to Regulate Dairy Market, Aid Dairy Farmers,† Xinhua News Agency, September 24, 2008, www. china. org. China Reviews Food Safety Draft Law,† Xinhua News Agency, October 23, 2008, www. china. org. cn/business/200810/23/content_16656987. htm, accessed December 22, 2010. Page 6 9B12C047 Arrest and Apology In total, 22 companies were involved in the milk scandal, and several top executives were arrested. The board chairwoman and general manager of Sanlu Group, Tian Wenhua, was fired along with other local officials. Twenty-one people were arrested, with two men facing the death penalty and Tian sentenced to life imprisonment. Tian, 66, was convicted for not halting the milk production and sales even after she was informed that they were contaminated. She was fined about RMB25 million (US$3. 95 million) as well. 24 On December 19, 2008, Sanlu secured a loan of RMB902 million (US$142. 6 million) to pay the medical expenses of and compensation to children affected by the tainted milk powder it produced. Sanlu went bankrupt in December 2008 with a net debt of RMB1. 1 billion (US$174 million). Sanlu was fined RMB50 million (US$7. 9 million) despite its bankruptcy. 25 While Tian was on trial at the beginning of 2009, other Chinese dairy companies (e. g. , Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Mengniu Dairy and Bright Dairy Group) involved in the tainted milk incident surprised many by offering an apology in the form of a New Year text message sent to millions of mobile phone subscribers: â€Å"We are deeply sorry for the harm caused to the children and the society. . . . We sincerely apologize for that and we beg for your forgiveness. †26 Skeptics stated that â€Å"saying sorry was not good enough† as real change would require more than training and education of officials. 27 According to China scholar Russell Leigh Moses, â€Å"The problem is not so much political or structural as psychological. The top leadership is more and more out of step with the public and even though there is still room for them to maneuver on this, these events accumulate and the wiggle room gets narrower and narrower. † 28 The milk incident affected the public’s confidence in the safety of Chinese-made products, which was already tainted by a series of other scares involving food, drugs and toys in recent years. 29 This has further prompted authorities to put in place tighter rules governing milk production. Despite the string of food scares, as well as other contaminated non-food products (e. g. , lead contamination in Mattel’s children’s toy products), unethical practices continued to surface in Chinese companies. In December 2010, five wineries were suspected of manufacturing adulterated wines that only 23 Daniel Palmer, â€Å"Culprits in China’s Contaminated Milk Scandal Get Death Penalty,† Australian Food News, January 23, 2009, www. ausfoodnews. com. au/2009/01/23/culprits-in-chinas-contaminated-milk-scandal-get-death-penalty. html, accessed December 22, 2010. Two Get Death in Tainted Milk Case,† China Daily, January 23, 2009, www. chinadaily. com. cn/china/2009-01/23/content_7422983. htm, accessed February 1, 2012. 25 â€Å"Chinese Milk Scam Duo Face Death,† BBC News, January 22, 2009, http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/7843972. stm, accessed February 1, 2012. 26 â€Å"China Dairies Offer Text Apology,† BBC News, January 2, 2009, http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/7807637. stm, accessed December 22, 2010. 27 Simon Elegant, â€Å"China’s Milk-poisoned Scandal: Is Sorry Enough? ,† Time News, September 23, 2008, www. time. com/time/world/article/0,8599,1843536,00. html, accessed December 22, 2010. 28 Simon Elegant, â€Å"China’s Milk-poisoned Scandal: Is Sorry Enough? ,† Time News, September 23, 2008, www. time. com/time/world/article/0,8599,1843536,00. html, accessed December 22, 2010. 29 Debasish Roy Chowdhury, â€Å"Nothing is Scarier Than the China Scare,† Asia Times, August 4, 2007, www. atimes. com/atimes/China_Business/IH04Cb01. html, accessed February 1, 2012; Louise Story, â€Å"Lead Paint Prompts Mattel to Recall 967,000 Toys,† New York Times, August 2, 2007, www. nytimes. com/2007/08/02/business/02toy. Html, accessed February 1, 2012. Page 7 9B12C047 contained 20 per cent fermented grape juice, with the bulk of ingredients consisting of sugar water mixed with chemicals. They were also suspected of misrepresenting their products as famous brands, including the Great Wall Wine manufactured by the China National Cereals, Oils, and Foodstuffs Import and Export Corporation (COFCOA). 30 The government seized 5,114 boxes of wine that were falsely labeled, 19 templates for forging brand labels and 280 unlabeled bottles. While this move by the government was welcomed by the parties affected (i. The original brands such as COFCOA), the fact that such incidents continued to bring China into the spotlight revealed that the problem lay deeper — it was rooted in an organizational culture that fostered institutionalized corrupt behaviour. A news article in June 2011 reported that â€Å"insiders warned that little has changed since the Chinese Milk Scandal of 2008† since China’s standards for fresh milk remained among the lowest in the world: it allowed two million bacteria per milliliter of raw milk, while the maximum in the United States and Europe was 100,000 bacteria. In February 2011, yet another milk contamination incident was discovered. Instead of melamine, leather-hydrolyzed protein was used to boost the protein content of milk. Although China announced that it was closing about half of its dairies to resolve this issue, other food safety scandals have been reported. These include toxic bean sprouts, pesticide-drenched beans, aluminum dumplings and glow-in-the-dark pork. 32 More recently, in April 2012, China was plagued with a pharmaceutical capsule crisis, when it was found that medicines were packed into capsules that were tainted with chromium. As the world becomes more globalized and countries engage in international trade relations, agencies, government institutions and private corporations need to understand the culture, economic environment and intricacies surrounding economic transactions that prevail in emerging economies such as China. While acknowledging that a culture that allows corruption to exist helps us to understand the countries better, it is also important to analyze why such a culture prevails. What factors motivate individuals and businesses to resort to questionable means for economic gain? Why do governments allow unethical behaviours through their cover-up attempts? How did the parties involved justify their decisions? Were their attempts to rationalize their actions justifiable? How does a more global and wired world affect businesses’ decisions to engage in questionable actions? What role does social media play in curbing corruption? These questions are worthy of discussion as international businesses increasingly expand into emerging economies. 30 Liu Linlin, â€Å"Fake Wine Stuns Nation,† Global Times, December 27, 2010, www. globaltimes. cn/china/society/201012/604367. html, accessed February 1, 2012.   Gus Lubin, â€Å"Insiders Warn of Another Chinese Milk Scandal Waiting to Happen,† Business Insider, June 21, 2011, www. articles. businessinsider. com/2011-06-21/news/29973916_1_raw-milk-watered-down-milk-global-times, accessed February 1, 2012. 32 Peter Foster, â€Å"Top 10 Chinese Food Scandals,† Telegraph, April 27, 2011, www. telegraph. co. uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8476080/Top-10-Chinese-Food-Scandals. html, accessed February 1, 2012. 33 â€Å"Capsule Crisis Stirs Stock Market,† China Daily, May 14, 2012, www. china. org. cn/business/201205/14/content_25379520. htm, accessed Up to this point, a local hospital had identified an increase in the incidence of kidney ailments among babies and noted that most victims had consumed Sanlu’s baby formula. A rare occurrence of kidney stones in children — all causally traced to Sanlu milk formula — was flagged. Sanlu received results from tests indicating that 15 out of 16 samples contained melamine. Fonterra pushed hard for a full public recall. Although there was an immediate trade recall, Fonterra said that local administrators refused an official recall. Fonterra notified the New Zealand government, and New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark alerted Beijing officials. Between July and September in Gansu province, 14 babies fell ill after consuming Sanlu’s milk powder. World Health Organization was notified. Sanlu Group admitted that its milk powder was contaminated with the toxic chemical melamine. The board chairwoman and general manager of Sanlu Group, Tian Wenhua, was fired. Four local officials in North China Hebei Province were also fired. Milk powder from 22 of China’s 109 infant formula producers tested positive for melamine; Sanlu topped the rankings. The country’s most trusted brands, including Olympic sponsor Yili Industrial and Meng Niu Group, were found to have produced tainted formula. Tainted dairy products were removed from retail outlets across China. Countries across Asia started either to test Chinese dairy products or withdraw them from retail shelves. Countries affected included Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan and the Netherlands. Companies affected included Cadbury, Lipton, Heinz baby food and Koala’s March Cookies. The Chinese government announced that it was going to overhaul the dairy industry. New food safety draft laws were reviewed. The United States issued a nationwide â€Å"import alert† for Chinese-made food products. China’s Ministry of Health revised the number of victims to more than 290,000, of whom 51,900 were hospitalized; four deaths (out of 11 deaths reported in the provinces) were confirmed. Sanlu filed for bankruptcy. The trial of four Sanlu company executives began. China said a total of 296,000 children had fallen ill from consuming milk products tainted with melamine. Sentences were handed out to Sanlu executives following their trial. They ranged from two death sentences to long jail terms. Sanlu’s 95 per cent equity was sold to its competitor Sanyuan for RMB49 million (US$7. 75 million). ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS 1. How do you view Sanlu Group’s response to consumers’ complaints that the milk was affecting infants’ health? Would you respond differently if the tainted milk did not cause any injury or deaths? Would you respond differently if the affected victims were adults instead of young children? 2. In your opinion, who is responsible for producing the tainted milk? Explain your answer. a. senior management in Sanlu Group b. plant managers and workers c. dairy milk farmers d. government 3. What role did the institutional environment in China play in facilitating employees’ and corporate wrongdoings? Refer to Ashforth and Anand’s â€Å"The Normalization of Corruption in Organizations† to structure your answer. 4. Comment on the role of leadership and network of the heads of the organizations in their management of the incidents in Sanlu. 5. Analyze the steps taken by the Chinese government to manage the problem. What are your opinions on the image-saving tactics that were adopted post-crisis? Does the unique, personalized nature of the text message apology in the milk scandal make the actions more forgiveable? What are some useful strategies to prevent corruption? 6. What can the new executives of the dairy companies and the Chinese government do to regain local and global consumers’ and other parties’ trust and support? How do these reports affect

Terrorism Policies and Influences free essay sample

We American’s sometimes do not realize that we are not the first to be plagued with terrorist’s acts. Our country has some history with terrorist originations such as Al’Queda before the events of 9/11. After taking this course and reading and researching various materials I was very interested in the aspect terrorism on a global scale and its history in other countries. One of the main sources that were cited many times in the text came from Israel. This paper will identify some of Israel’s counter-terrorism policies and how they could either apply or hurt our current policies in America. In relation to this paper we will also look at Palestine and the terrorist group Hamas and their struggle for their objectives. I will center on this group as a comparative way to show selected counter terrorism methods, and will be examining the width and depth of these methods as well as their consequences on the Palestinian society in general and on Hamas in particular. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism Policies and Influences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will give the reader a better understanding and perspective as we compare it to our current situation in American society. I hope to show by the end of the paper that the Israeli counter-terrorism policy works and show how certain aspects could be beneficial to our nation while others that are beneficial to Israel but not to our nation. Understandable that our two nations both have a very different history and diverse makeup there are similarities that we can extract and apply to our current terrorism threat and apply certain aspects of the Israeli counter-terrorism policy to ours without the same consequences that they suffered while trying to adapt a counter-terrorism policy that is both politically beneficial and efficient. Introduction September 11, 2001 was a horrific day in the eyes of the world as the American society realized the lethal intent of terrorist organizations such as Al’Queda. The events that transpired catalyzed what had been long phenomena and only emphasized the need for policies and procedures to reduce the risk of such events from happening again. During the course of my paper we will analyze the history of terrorist activity in general terms and some of the international policies. At no time do I plan to define terrorism or propose a cure all counter-terrorism policy that will eliminate the national threat. This paper is to merely compare our present situation with that of a fellow democratic nation. The comparison will be slightly different in the aspects of makeups how American society differs from that of Israeli and how our country is more ethnically diverse. There are other keen insights that we will discuss such as foreign political policy and economic policy which play a role in the counter- terrorism policy. The history of Israel and their fight with terrorism gives us an better scope than our current situation and shows the intensity and tenacity that a highly motivated organization such as Hamas. Firstly, as terrorism and counter terrorism are multifaceted phenomena, it is useful to provide a framework for understanding as to what terrorism and counter terrorism are. Secondly, counter terrorism policy is hard to evaluate if one does not look at the context by which it is surrounded. Therefore, this report will explore some aspects of Israeli security history which have and continue to influence its policy. Although counter terrorism methods are aimed at countering the threats posed by terrorist organizations, and are meant to use methods directed only at such organizations, counter terrorism policy does have consequences on a wider population. Therefore, in an effort to assess the effectiveness of counter terrorism, a deeper understanding of the practice and consequences of the methods is vital. This report has therefore addressed Israel’s counter-terrorism policy by singling out some of their methods. This shows the depth, scope and consequences of that particular method on Palestinian society in general and Hamas in particular. In order to evaluate Israel’s counter terrorism policy this thesis has chosen to do so by using qualitative and quantitative indicators. This report will cover a broad time period and show Israel’s methods have not drastically changed. However, the level and sophistication of violence during the al-Aqsa years is not the same as in the peace process years. Although it is arguably unnatural to separate terrorism and counter terrorism from what occurs in the political sphere, this thesis will strive to keep its focus on terrorism and counter terrorism issues while only touching upon the development of the peace process. Terrorism in Israel Region In Inside Terrorism, Bruce Hoffman explains that the word â€Å"terrorism† has â€Å"insidiously worked [its] way into our everyday vocabulary,† and that there is no â€Å"precise, concrete, and truly explanatory definition of the word† (Hoffman 2006, 1). He chronicles the evolution of the word, points out that the Department of State, FBI, and Department of Defense all provide slightly conflicting definitions, and ultimately defines terrorism â€Å"as the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in pursuit of political change† (Hoffman 2006, 40). According the United States Code that is used for the prosecution of law in the United States terrorism is defined â€Å"as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents† (Title 22, Chapter, 2656f). There is also a separate definition in the Code of Federal Regulations which says â€Å"the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives†. Merriam Webster defines terrorism as: the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. The issue that we see is that there are no two that are the same. I personally think that the key is the root of the word terror. Terror is one that inspires fear or a frightening aspect. The use of terrorism goes back further than just the 9/11 events that we are so profound to recall when you mention terrorism. For the purpose of this report we will stick with the history of Israel and the influences of terrorism and counter-terrorism. The Israeli declaration of interdependence in 1948 was the beginning of the separate state of Israel. This was the beginning of the Arab-Israeli War and the invasion of four separate armies. Following this conflict was the annexation of territories between the surrounding territories. During this conflict many Palestinian Arabs refugees were rejected by many Arab states and are one of the main issues of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. After the Six-Day War the fractured Palestinian political and militant groups were prompted to give up any remaining hope they had placed in Pan-Arabism and armed non-state actors such as Fatah and Popular Front of the Liberation of Palestine began movements to take over the West Bank. The PLO began a long line of terrorist activities with the goal for the release of political prisoners or once controlled Palestinian territory. The PLO, although involved in many acts of aggression toward Israel, also have left open the diplomatic channels. During the first Palestinian Intifada or uprising was the creation of the Hamas. The Hamas in the 1990’s created the military branch that conducted military attacks on Israel, with both civilian and military victims. The Al-Qassam brigades began suicide bombings in 1993 in the West Bank and in 1994 began suicide attacks inside of Israel. These attacks were seen as direct violations of the Oslo Accords. Such attacks have went back and forth over the past decades until after the second Intifada in which led the Hamas to win the majority of the 2005 municipal elections that were organized by Yasser Arafat winning it one third of the Palestinian municipal councils. This then led to the 2006 elections being won by Hamas. Several more conflicts over the years broke out with the Hamas as armed aggressions played out in the various territories. The Hamas in its later years has become more open to the political route of achieving its objective even though its terrorist’s acts could arguably be persuasion for this. Policy and Influence Now that you briefly understand the PLO and Hamas and their goals we will move to Israel and some of the policies and procedures that it has followed during these conflicts with the terrorist organizations. During Amnon Lipkin-Shahok tenure as chief of staff on the goals of counter-terrorism stated was â€Å"our goal, Israel’s goal, was , firstly, to reduce the damage to the smallest possible minimum, and hurt them to the maximum† (Ganor p. 28) So what are the two basic driving factors that can end terrorist activity? If you take away the organizations motivation or capability then it is less likely to continue its terrorist activities rather than adopt a new approach. One approach that was taken by the Israeli government during a 27 year period was the revocation of the residency status of more than 100,000 residents in the Gaza Strip and around 140,000 residents in the West Bank. This cut down on possible residents that could be used to aid the Hamas and at the same time gave more motivation to the Hamas as they could use this as a tool for media against Israel. This tool would be less beneficial to the United States due to the stringent laws and procedures we have in place to protect people’s rights. Another of the policies that has been developed is targeted killings. Whereas most of us know this term in a different aspect such as the media portrayed Predator drones attacking a target of a suspected target that we may not see armed. Although the United States from a political standpoint is less likely to take such missions the Israeli counter-terrorism policy offers this as an option that is in high support. The reason this can be hard to assimilate in the American culture may be due to our society wanting to see results right away and this method is can never give direct results as too what the target may have been stopped from doing. Such acts as the previous two lead up to the policy of deterrence of terrorism. This is an never-ending battle with the ever-changing environment of today. It is like a tug of war between showing the terrorist organization the teeth of the wolf or the purr of the kitten as you try to motivate them from their violent behavior. This can differ greatly between our two societies as we try to be more politically correct in the eyes of the world when we deal with terrorists. Israel has coordinated several military offensives as deterrents against terrorism. Such offensives have even had air force planes bomb targets within major cities. Unlike the steadfast United States policy to not negotiate with terrorists the policy has Israel has been tried several times in the past decades and sometimes led to peaceful outcomes. It goes to say that this could also be the cause of more activities due to this policy. By allowing such actions there are also peaceful alternatives that can sometimes be made whereas the policy of no negotiation leaves such situations as hostage takers the option of surrender or kill all their hostages. The last policy we will discuss is that of public welfare. This is where the political and economic influences can become a major factor. America of course is a much larger and diverse country than Israel. This leads to both benefits and critical areas that should be addressed. Israel has been in major conflicts for over half a decade whereas the last conflict that our country had on its own land was over a century ago. This makes the people of Israel more acceptable to conflict in their daily lives. This also modes their attitude toward terrorism and conflict different from that of the typical American. As I addressed before the typical thought of terrorism to Americans is an act such as that of 9/11. This had great influences on both the economics and politics in our country. In Israel there are terrorist attacks and military offenses all the time which make such events much more mundane. Education promotes a good daily routine that keeps the country fundamentally sound and running. This prevents terrorism from achieving the goal of using fear to stop the daily routine and make citizens focus more on the terrorist goals. Overall these are a few of the steps taken by Israel to help curb the violence that plagues its country daily. Our country is lucky to be able to maintain its terrorist war in foreign soil rather than a daily battle for control on our own soil. The key to stopping terrorism is first understanding and then good counter terrorism policy. The environment changes daily for both national governments and terrorist organizations and being educated about both the history and motivations of such groups can sway the battle to either side.

Free Essays on Teen Mental Disorders

Common mental disorders in teens â€Å"A mental disorder is an illness of the mind that can effect the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of a person, preventing him or her from leading a happy, healthful and productive life† (Merki, p238). Many children and adolescents have mental health problems that interfere with their daily life. Some mental health problems are minor, while others are more severe. Some mental health problems last for only short periods of time, while others can last a lifetime. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), one in ten children and teens suffer from mental illness severe enough to cause problems in their daily life. â€Å"Mental disorders are estimated to affect 16% of U.S. children and youth. This figure reflects on difficulties severe enough to interfere with a childs daily functioning, including problems with schoolwork, social contacts, and adjustments† (Pardes, p702). Studies show that 8% of teens suffer from depression. In the past 40 to 50 years, adolescent depression has increased drastically. The average beginning age has dropped. While the number of childhood cases diagnosed are equal between boys and girls, twice as many teen girls are diagnosed as boys. Recurrence of depression occurs in half of depressed teens within seven years. The symptoms of child and adolescent depression are very similar to those of adult depression, but since children may not be able to describe what they’re feeling, so they might show their feelings through behavior. Youth with depression are most likely to show it through phobias, anxieties, or behavior disorders. Teens with depression can show irritability, aggressive behavior and talk of suicide. Depression is caused by heredity as well as their environment. It could be triggered by bad parenting, stressful experiences, or a negative world view. It is also asso... Free Essays on Teen Mental Disorders Free Essays on Teen Mental Disorders Common mental disorders in teens â€Å"A mental disorder is an illness of the mind that can effect the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of a person, preventing him or her from leading a happy, healthful and productive life† (Merki, p238). Many children and adolescents have mental health problems that interfere with their daily life. Some mental health problems are minor, while others are more severe. Some mental health problems last for only short periods of time, while others can last a lifetime. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), one in ten children and teens suffer from mental illness severe enough to cause problems in their daily life. â€Å"Mental disorders are estimated to affect 16% of U.S. children and youth. This figure reflects on difficulties severe enough to interfere with a childs daily functioning, including problems with schoolwork, social contacts, and adjustments† (Pardes, p702). Studies show that 8% of teens suffer from depression. In the past 40 to 50 years, adolescent depression has increased drastically. The average beginning age has dropped. While the number of childhood cases diagnosed are equal between boys and girls, twice as many teen girls are diagnosed as boys. Recurrence of depression occurs in half of depressed teens within seven years. The symptoms of child and adolescent depression are very similar to those of adult depression, but since children may not be able to describe what they’re feeling, so they might show their feelings through behavior. Youth with depression are most likely to show it through phobias, anxieties, or behavior disorders. Teens with depression can show irritability, aggressive behavior and talk of suicide. Depression is caused by heredity as well as their environment. It could be triggered by bad parenting, stressful experiences, or a negative world view. It is also asso...

Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy

Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy Title of the article: â€Å" Case Report of Secondary Narcolepsy presenting as self-inflicted genital injury † Abstract: Primary Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder with classical presentation showing tetrad of excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and Hypnogogic hallucinations. Some conditions that result in secondary narcolepsy include traumatic brain injury, tumors, and stroke. [1] A rare case of secondary narcolepsy was seen in a patient with self-inflicted genital injury. A 30 year old male was referred to Psychiatry from Surgery for a self-inflicted incised wound on hydrocoele. Since last 1 year, he had multiple episodes of — 1. Sudden falls while working 2. Sleep during daytime often at unusual places 3. Periods of unresponsiveness during which he was aware but unable to move. During hospital stay, daytime somnolence, sleep paralysis and cataplexy were noted several times, but hallucinations were not consistently reported. Based on DSM-IV-TR N arcolepsy was diagnosed. Possible reasons for genital injury were 1. To remove fluid from swelling 2. Under sleep paralysis 3. Under Hypnogogic hallucinations. Patient’s EEG was normal. MRI brain showed Gliosis at cervico-medullary junction.MRI spine was advised to examine the cervico-vertebral junction but patient was lost to follow-up. But from history and investigations, it was concluded that he had secondary narcolepsy due to traumatic brain injury. Narcolepsy typically begins in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life and negatively impacts the quality of life of affected patients. Diagnosis relies on patient history and objective data gathered from polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing. Treatment focuses on symptom relief through medication, education, and behavioural modification. Key-words: Cataplexy; Narcolepsy; Polysomnography; Self inflicted injury, Key Messages [D1] :Secondary narcolepsy is rare and sometimes can be missed to diagnose. Such rare presentation of secondary narcolepsy helps in diagnosing other cases of self-inflicting injuries. Introduction: [D2] Narcolepsy is neither a type of epilepsy nor a psychogenic disturbance. It is an abnormality of the sleep mechanisms specifically, REM-inhibiting mechanisms and it has been studied in dogs, sheep, and humans. Narcolepsy can occur at any age, but it most frequently begins in adolescence or young adulthood, generally before the age of 30. The disorder either progresses slowly or reaches a plateau that is maintained throughout life. [2]. The prevalence of narcolepsy varies across countries and with different ethnic groups, and so the exact prevalence is not known. Prevalence estimates have been reported to be between 168 and 799 per 100,000 in most studies, although Japanese studies have indicated a higher prevalence of 1600 per 100,000. [2,3]. There are no genetic tests currently available for clinical use to make a positive diagnosis of narcolepsy. Genetic testing may correlat e best to narcolepsy when there is already clear cataplexy. [4]. Supporting the evidence for an environmental influence is the fact that the disease is not apparent at birth, but instead commonly has its onset during the second decade of life. Additionally, there are apparent precipitating factors such as head trauma, infection, and changes in sleep-waking habits that have been identified in some cases. [6] Chronic, daytime sleepiness is a major, disabling symptom for many patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but thus far, its aetiology is not well understood. Extensive loss of the hypothalamic neurons that produce the wake-promoting neuropeptide hypocretin (orexin) causes the severe sleepiness of narcolepsy, and partial loss of these cells may contribute to the sleepiness of Parkinson disease and other disorders. One study has found that the number of hypocretin neurons is significantly reduced in patients with severe TBI. This observation highlights the often overlooked hy pothalamic injury in TBI and provides new insights into the causes of chronic sleepiness in patients with TBI. [7] Amphetamine usage has been associated with addiction, psychosis and self-injurious behaviour . There are report s on two patients who severely and repeatedly mutilated their own genitalia while intoxicated on amphetamines and consider possible diagnostic aetiologies. [8] Genital mutilation is common in males compared to females. [9] But narcolepsy presenting as self inflicted genital injury has not been reported so far. That is why this is a rare case .